01 History and Approaches

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History and Approaches Unit


  • Mary Whiton Calkins

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    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by Katie Clark at Tuscarora High School.
    • This section on Mary Whiton Calkins was written by Katie Clark's classes at Tuscarora High School, Frederick, Maryland in 2010.

  • Charles Darwin

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    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by XXX at XXX High School.
    • This section on Charles Darwin was written by XXX's classes at XXX High School, XCityX, XStateX in 20XX.

  • Dorothea Dix

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    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by XXX at XXX High School.
    • This section on Dorothea Dix was written by XXX's classes at XXX High School, XCityX, XStateX in 20XX.

  • Sigmund Freud

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    • This section on Sigmund Freud was written by XXX's classes at XXX High School, XCityX, XStateX in 20XX.

  • G. Stanley Hall

    • Was a leader in the “child study” movement; believed in psychological intervention for children in school
    • Hall was also the first president of the American Psychological Association

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    • This section on G. Stanley Hall was written by Kent Korek's classes at Germantown High School, Germantown, WI in 2010.

  • William James

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    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by XXX at XXX High School.
    • This section on William James was written by XXX's classes at XXX High School, XCityX, XStateX in 20XX.

  • Ivan Pavlov

    • Stimulus-response theory of classical conditioning
    • by pairing a neutral stimulus (NS) with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) the organism can transfer the automatic response to the UCS to the neutral stimulus
    • NS (bell) + UCS (meat) leads to UCR (salivation) to UCS; over repeated pairings the NS (bell) becomes the CS (bell) as the organism learns to respond to the CS (bell) by salivating to it (now the CR)
    • introduction of discrimination training - learning to differentiate between stimuli presented and generalization - learning to respond the same way to similar stimuli
    • extinction can occur after repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS which leads to lack of response, but spontaneous recovery (sudden return of the conditioned response) shows that the learning is not completely extinguished
    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by Dhana Matthews at Seaquam Secondary, Delta, BC Canada in 2010

  • Jean Piaget

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    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by XXX at XXX High School.
    • This section on Jean Piaget was written by XXX's classes at XXX High School, XCityX, XStateX in 20XX.

  • Carl Rogers

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  • B.F. Skinner

    • concept of operant conditioning - your behavior can be controlled or changed by the way your environment responds (consequences)
    • behavior can be shaped by rewarding successive approximations to the target behavior (shaping)
    • behavior can be shaped or changed through punishment (consequences that lower behavior) or reinforcement (consequences that shape reinforcement)
    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by Dhana Matthews at Seaquam Secondary, Delta, BC Canada in 2010

  • Margaret Floy Washburn

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    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by Katie Clark at Tuscarora High School.
    • This section on Margaret Floy Washburn was written by Katie Clark's classes at Tuscarora High School, Frederick, Maryland in 2010.

  • John B. Watson

    • concept of conditioned emotional responses (CER's) through his discovery that fear can be conditioned in humans
    • 1920 - Little Albert experiment with Rosalie Rayner - classically conditioned fear of a white rat in baby Albert
    • generalization fo fear to similar stimuli (other furry objects)\
    • possible connection between phobias and classically conditioned responses from early experiences that we do not remember
    • ethically questionable by modern ethical guidelines
    • This famous psychologist is currently being worked on by Dhana Matthews at Seaquam Secondary, Delta, BC Canada in 2010

  • Wilhelm Wundt

    • Referred to as the "Founder of Modern Psychology"
    • Established the first laboratory in the world dedicated to experimental psychology
    • Established psychology as a separate science


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    • This section on G. Stanley Hall was written by Kent Korek's classes at Germantown High School, Germantown, WI in 2010.